Glenboig
A community has existed in the area of modern day Glenboig for hundreds of years, but it was not commonly known by that name until more recent times. While a farm called Glenboig appears on maps as early as 1816, the area was more commonly known as Garnqueen, and Marnoch, before the coming of the brickworks which was to make the name Glenboig familiar not only locally, but eventually, across the world.
Ref: Glenboig Firebrick Works appears on the map (1840s - 1880s). National Library of Scotland.
Up until the early 19th century, the area not yet known as Glenboig had been a small farming community. But the place was to see its character change remarkably when fireclay works were established in the 1830s, bringing industry to the area. Over the coming decades, the fireclay industry would expand rapidly, and by 1895, the area was home to five separate works, and was the world’s largest producer of fireclay bricks. Glenboig village itself grew from a population of 120 in 1861 to house more than 3,000 people by 1939, all thanks to fireclay.
Fireclay and Brickworks
Ref: Workers at Hurll’s brickworks, Garnqueen, date unknown. East Dunbartonshire Archives.
Fireclay is a special type of hard-wearing clay which, when made into bricks and other products, can withstand very high temperatures. This made it perfect for use in the furnaces of the iron and steel industries which were at this time rapidly expanding in this part of Scotland. Glenboig and neighbouring communities were the perfect location for the fireclay industry, as a seam of fireclay, formed 300 million years ago in the carboniferous period, ran beneath the ground across large swathes of the area. As well as in Glenboig, fireclay works sprang up in nearby Heathfield, Garnkirk, and Cardowan, to exploit this rich natural resource.
Working conditions at the fireclay works were hard, with long days of backbreaking labour. Clay was dug from four mines around Glenboig, as well as other pits such as Glen Cryan at Cumbernauld. It was taken out of the ground as solid rock before being transported into a crusher which broke it up and ground it to a fine consistency.
The works produced many different sizes and shapes of bricks, which each had a different job to do, and the exact composition of clay for each brick had to be carefully formulated. A miller had the specialist job of making up the different clays which would be used for different bricks. These were formed using wooden moulds - at first this was done by hand, with brickworkers making hundreds of individual bricks every day. By the 20th century machines had taken on some of the work, but it was still a very physical job in noisy, messy and hot conditions.
Bob McMillan’s father worked in the Gartliston brickworks in Glenboig in the 1950s. He describes what a typical day was like for him:
Another heritage project, ‘Glenboig Memories’, details the words of John Hamill, who also worked at the brickworks in the 1950s and describes the dangerous conditions workers endured (Ref: https://sites.google.com/site/glenboigmemories/people/john-hammil):
Ref: Gartliston Brickworks, Glenboig. Image from Records of the Scottish Industrial Archaeology Surve, University of Strathclyde.
https://canmore.org.uk/site/45766/glenboig-gartliston-fireclay-works
The brickworks dominated the village, and most men in Glenboig worked there. Job opportunities for women were few, so if they couldn’t get work as a shop assistant or as a maid for a wealthy family (there being not many in the area), they often ended up working at the brickworks alongside the men. John Campbell remembers:
Ref: Female employees at the Star Works, Glenboig, around 1912. Image printed in The Raddle, vol. 2.
During the late 19th and early 20th century, brickmaking dominated life and work in Glenboig. Between the 1830s and 1895, five separate fireclay works were opened in the area. They were operated by two main companies: the Glenboig Union Fireclay Company (itself a merger of two former rival companies), which operated the Old Works and Star Works next to Garnqueen Loch, as well as later, the Gartverrie works east of Glenboig; and P&M Hurll, whose founders had split off from the Glenboig Union Fireclay Company to set up their own works, Garnqueen and Gartliston, either side of the Monkland & Kirkintilloch Railway.
Ref: A map from c.1913 showing the five fireclay works, plus Ramoan Fire Clay Pit, highlighted in yellow.
Glenboig became a centre for brickmaking and soon its products were renowned across the world for their quality - winning awards of merit, being showcased at international trade exhibitions, and used in industry everywhere from Russia to Australia, Canada and the USA. Such was the association of the name “Glenboig” with quality firebricks that in 1883 one of the Glenboig brickmaking companies took another to court over the rights to stamp the name into their bricks.
After a successful start, the industry began to wane in the 1920s as, despite record profits, the companies failed to invest in new technologies to make them competitive. The works saw an increase in production again during the Second World War as demand again increased from iron and steelworks manufacturing tanks and weapons. The Glenboig Union Fireclay Company was, in the 1950s, producing more than ever, turning out 200,000 tonnes of firebrick every year.
Ref: A Glenboig brick found on Flower Pot Beach, Trinidad. Photo taken from Scottish Brick History.
https://www.scottishbrickhistory.co.uk/glenboig-brick-found-in-trinidad/
But fortunes were to change once more. As heavy industry developed in other parts of the world, and British products became less competitive, brickmaking - like so many other industries in Scotland - began to come to an end. By 1958 the original Old Works had closed. P&M Hurll stopped operating at Garnqueen and Gartliston around 1962, while the Star Works stayed on until 1976, when it too closed.
Not much remains of this once-thriving industry in modern day Glenboig, but the community is still rightfully proud of its brickmaking heritage. Bricks bearing the various stamps of the works around Glenboig are still unearthed today in places as far afield as Ukraine, Alaska, Australia, Trinidad and Brazil.
Life in an Industrial Village
The work of mining and brickmaking was hard, and the living conditions in Glenboig at the time of all this industrial activity were equally difficult.
The opening of the fireclay works brought workers to Glenboig to settle, many of whom were Irish immigrants, as well as Poles and Lithuanians. To house these new workers, the fireclay companies built workers’ cottages - ‘single-ends’ with one room and a built-in bed. There was no room to spare - so much so that when someone died, their coffin had to be kept in the bed until the day of the funeral, when it was taken out of the house through the window, as it was impossible to remove horizontally any other way. While giving workers and their families a roof over their heads, the cottages were owned by the fireclay works, so if you lost your job - or went on strike - you also lost your house.
Once such strike took place around 1901, when Glenboig Union Fireclay Company was making record profits of £16,000 (around £2 million in today’s money). Frustrated at the dangerous, difficult conditions and their continual poor pay, the workers went on strike. Garnqueen Square, where the Glenboig Life Centre now stands, was where the brick workers’ cottages stood, and it became the scene of forced evictions in retaliation for the strike, with eight families turfed out of their homes, including the secretary of the local miners’ union.
Garnqueen Square was, a few years later, also the scene of an incident which highlighted both the danger of the working conditions and of the densely packed housing. A Polish miner, Paltrus Vikiatus (also known as Peter Wolff, as it was common at the time for immigrants to change their names) had taken in a lodger, another a Polish miner. It was winter, and the lodger had a block of gelignite which had frozen solid, which he decided to place on the hob to thaw out before his night shift. In the heat from the fire, the gelignite - predictably - exploded, with tragic consequences. Four people were killed, including two of Paltrus Vikiatus’s children, and another eight injured.
Ref: The aftermath of the explosion in Garnqueen Square, February 1910. North Lanarkshire Council.
https://www.culturenlmuseums.co.uk/SIModes/Detail/26489
John Campbell grew up in Glenboig in the 1920s, and although he enjoyed his childhood living and playing in an industrial village, he looked back on life there through different eyes as an adult:
The brickworks were still a predominant part of life for those that grew up in Glenboig later. Teresa Watson was born in Glenboig in 1945. She remembers:
Alongside the brickworks, Bedlay colliery had opened near Annathill to the north of Glenboig in 1905 and provided another source of employment for men in the surrounding area. At its peak in the 1960s up to 1,000 men worked there. Like brickworking, it was hard and dangerous employment, and the threat of accident and injury was never far away for families of those who worked in either industry.
Teresa Keating was born in Glenboig in 1947, and remembers an incident from her teenage years:
Leisure
Despite the dangers associated with living in an industrial village, Glenboig was a hard-working community that still found time for leisure and social life.
Ref: Brickworkers and families on an outing from Glenboig, date unknown. East Dunbartonshire Archives.
As well as providing housing, the brickwork companies had also built the Gartsherrie Institute, where Glenboig residents would meet for events, dances and enjoy a bit of competitive sport. John Campbell remembers:
Ref: Glenboig Institute, date unknown. East Dunbartonshire Archives
For children, entertainment was simple - playing handball against the gable ends of the cottages, games of football, or swimming in Johnston Loch.
More excitement was to be had when the travelling shows would come to town. The Codona family were regular visitors to Glenboig and would set up their showground at Carrick Place. Willie MacDonald, writing about his days growing up in Glenboig in the 1920s, remembers the sights - and smells:
Glenboig had a cricket club who played at Inchneuk Farm, as well as two football teams. John Harold grew up in Glenboig in the 1930s and 40s and remembers:
As John mentions, the village also at one time had a cinema. Teresa Keating explains the building still stands today, although now it is a vehicle refurbishment and repair centre:
John Harold has similarly fond memories of the cinema:
Ref: Glenboig’s former cinema, pictured after it closed in 1985. East Dunbartonshire Archives.
In more recent times, Glenboig St Joseph’s was known as one of the best badminton clubs in Scotland, and created many national-level players. Glenboig United Football Club was founded in 1986 and continues to provide coaching and competition for players as young as four.
Also set up in the 1980s, Joe’s Fun Club was founded by Teresa Keating, who worked as a teacher, with one of her colleagues. The club provided activities for children with additional support needs, for whom there wasn’t local provision in Glenboig. She explains:
School
Being for many years a sleepy rural village, Glenboig didn’t have a dedicated school until 1875. Up until then, classes had been held in the church, masonic hall and the Gartsherrie Institute. The rapid influx of workers to the newly opened brickworks around the 1860s meant more children were now living in Glenboig, and so a dedicated school was built.
The first school building didn’t last long, becoming victim to the subsidence caused by the heavy mining of the area. It was abandoned in the early 1900s and temporary classes took place in wooden huts until a new school was built in Ramoan in 1928.
Another school, St Joseph’s, was opened in Glenboig in 1881, but this too needed to be replaced as a growing population created the need for more places. In 1927 a new St Joseph’s was built which took in the site of the first school and the church next door.
John Harold remembers his school days in Glenboig during the Second World War:
Ref: Glenboig Public School, 1926 - class took place in temporary wooden huts until the new school was built two years later. ‘Glenboig Memories’.
https://web.archive.org/web/20201030104401/https://sites.google.com/site/glenboigmemories/people/john-campbell
Now, Glenboig Primary and Our Lady and St Joseph’s primary schools share a campus, opened in 2008, while secondary school students’ nearest high school is in Coatbridge.
Shops
Glenboig at one time was home to a number of small shops serving the community. John Harold remembers:
The Co-operative at this time operated on a dividend model, known as the ‘Divi’, where shoppers who had signed up as members were paid a share of the shop’s profits back, according to how much they spent there. Some branches offered a higher rate than others, as Teresa Watson recalls:
Ref: Muirhead Co-op, 1926. East Dunbartonshire Archives.
Railway
Glenboig village was lent a unique character by having not one but two major railway lines running through it. These were two of the first railway lines to be built in Scotland (and therefore the world). The Monkland and Kirkintilloch Railway was opened in 1826 and ran through the centre of Glenboig along the edge of Garnqueen Loch and next to the fireclay works. It connected the coal fields of the Monklands to the city of Glasgow by joining up with the canal at Kirkintilloch. A few years later, in 1831, the Glasgow and Garnkirk line opened, running on the other side of Glenboig.
Sitting on top of two major transport links meant Glenboig’s fireclay and brickmaking industries had ready access to markets and materials, which helped assure their success. The railways also lent a unique character to the village, in which it was impossible to enter or leave the Main Street without going over or under a railway.
For a hundred years, these two railway lines meant Glenboig sat at the centre of busy transportation routes for coal, materials, freight and passengers. By the start of the 20th century, the Monkland and Kirkintilloch railway line would see a gradual decline, having been taken over by other methods of transporting coal and freight. After the closure of the fireclay works the railway was redundant, and the line through Glenboig eventually closed completely in the 1980s. Today, walkers can still follow the line of the Monkland and Kirkintilloch railway along the path through Glenboig Village Park at the side of Garnqueen Loch, north past the site of Inchneuk Tower and up to Drumcavel Road.
The former Glasgow and Garnkirk line would experience a different fate, as it remained a popular route for passenger travel. While the line still exists today, running from Glasgow through Gartcosh to Cumbernauld, a station that had opened at Glenboig in 1879 and served the community for 77 years was sadly closed in 1956.
Glenboig Community Today
As with many post-industrial communities in Scotland, Glenboig suffered its share of problems in the 1980s and 90s as employment opportunities and investment decreased rapidly. The last brickworks had closed in 1976 and Bedlay colliery would follow in 1982, leaving Glenboig without an industry for the first time in 150 years.
This decline led to an increase in drug and alcohol misuse, bringing with it its own problems. But Teresa Keating explains how an intervention brought about by a small government investment around the year 2000 set the community on the right path again:
Around the same time, North Lanarkshire Council announced they intended to close the Neighbourhood House, the last main public building left in Glenboig. The two Teresas, Keating and Aitken, put their training to good use and alongside the community, decided to fight the closure. They set up the Glenboig Neighbourhood House organisation, which would eventually become the Glenboig Community Development Trust.
Teresa Keating explains how it all started:
Before long, the new activities led by local volunteers took on a life of their own, and the Development Trust began to employ paid staff. This led to the development of the Glenboig Life Centre, another property to be taken into local community control when the council was no longer willing to maintain it:
Ref: Glenboig Life Centre. Photo by architects Fleming Build.
https://www.flemingbuild.com/project/glenboig-life-centre/
The Life Centre has since gone from strength to strength, becoming a thriving community venue at the heart of the village:
Around the same time the Glenboig Development Trust was working to rejuvenate the community, locals in Glenboig set their sights on another development project.
Having been the site of the once dominant Glenboig Brickworks, a now-vacant piece of land next to Garnqueen Loch was in need of regeneration. In 1999, residents got together to discuss problems affecting their local environment, and as a result decided to develop Glenboig Village Park on the site.
The group identified the loch as a focal point of the village and saw the development of the park around the loch as an opportunity to foster the community’s appreciation and enjoyment of their natural environment.
A committee of residents engaged with local partners and successfully applied for more than £440,000 to make the park a reality. Work began in January 2002 and the park was officially opened in summer 2004.
Ref: Garnqueen Loch, part of Glenboig Village Park. Seven Lochs Wetland Park.
https://www.sevenlochs.org/22263
Alongside the rejuvenation of the community, Glenboig has seen the growth of a number of new housing developments, bringing new people in to the area. The village now once again has a population in the thousands, just as it did when it was a thriving brickmaking and mining area. While the industry no longer remains, Glenboig continues to work hard to maintain its heritage and build a strong community.